{"product_id":"drishti-ias-sociology-optional-course-paper-i-class-notes-english-medium","title":"DRISHTI IAS Sociology Optional Course Paper-I, Class Notes, English Medium","description":"\u003ch1 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\"\u003eDRISHTI IAS Sociology Paper-I | Optional Course for Civil Services Examination\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eComprehensive coverage of Sociology Paper-I\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efor Civil Services Examination preparation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociology as a Discipline\u003c\/strong\u003e, its emergence, scope and relationship with other social sciences\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociology as Science\u003c\/strong\u003e, Scientific Method, Positivism, Objectivity and Non-Positivist Methodologies\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed coverage of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Methods \u0026amp; Analysis\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuantitative \u0026amp; Qualitative Methods, Sampling, Hypothesis, Reliability and Validity\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eComprehensive study of major\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociological Thinkers\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKarl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, R.K. Merton and G.H. Mead\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed section on\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Stratification and Social Mobility\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolitics and Society\u003c\/strong\u003e, Power, State, Citizenship and Social Movements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion and Society\u003c\/strong\u003e, Secularism, Fundamentalism and Science \u0026amp; Religion\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSystems of Kinship, Family and Patriarchy\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Change in Modern Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWork and Economic Life, Labour and Formal \u0026amp; Informal Organisation\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStructured specifically for\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociology Optional Paper-I\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesigned as an\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOptional Course for Civil Services Examination\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe uploaded PDF is titled\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociology (Paper-I)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand is presented as an\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOptional Course for Civil Services Examination\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAbout this Book\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrishti IAS Sociology Paper-I\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eis a structured study resource designed for aspirants preparing\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociology as an Optional subject for the Civil Services Examination\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book follows the Sociology Paper-I framework and begins with the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eemergence and scope of Sociology\u003c\/strong\u003e, including the impact of modernity and social change in Europe, Sociology’s relationship with other social sciences and the distinction between Sociology and common sense.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt then covers the methodological foundations of Sociology through\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003escience, scientific method, positivism, objectivity, non-positivist approaches, quantitative and qualitative research, sampling, hypothesis, reliability and validity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA major portion of the book is devoted to classical and modern sociological thinkers such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKarl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton and G.H. Mead\u003c\/strong\u003e, followed by core areas such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esocial stratification, politics, religion, kinship, social change and work \u0026amp; economic life\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Areas Covered\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociology – The Discipline\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModernity \u0026amp; Social Change in Europe\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmergence of Sociology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScope of Sociology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociology \u0026amp; Other Social Sciences\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociology \u0026amp; Common Sense\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociology as Science\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScientific Method\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePositivism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFact, Value \u0026amp; Objectivity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-Positivist Methodologies\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Methods\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuantitative Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQualitative Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReliability \u0026amp; Validity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKarl Marx\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmile Durkheim\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMax Weber\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTalcott Parsons\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR.K. Merton\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG.H. Mead\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Stratification\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Mobility\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolitics \u0026amp; Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePower \u0026amp; Authority\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eState \u0026amp; Citizenship\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Movements\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion \u0026amp; Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSecularism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFundamentalism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily \u0026amp; Kinship\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatriarchy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Change\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDevelopment \u0026amp; Dependency\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWork \u0026amp; Economic Life\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLabour \u0026amp; Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Sociology – The Discipline\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModernity and Social Changes in Europe and Emergence of Sociology • Scope of the Subject • Comparison with Other Social Sciences • Sociology and Common Sense\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book explains the emergence of Sociology in relation to major transformations in Europe, especially the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrench Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Commercial Revolution and Scientific Revolution\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt presents Sociology as a response to the changing\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esocial, economic, political and intellectual conditions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eof modern Europe.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Sociology as Science\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScience • Scientific Method • Critique • Major Theoretical Strands of Research Methodology • Positivism • Fact-Value Debate • Objectivity • Non-Positivist Methodologies\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book defines science as a body of knowledge based on\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emeasurable or verifiable facts acquired through scientific method\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt also explains the scientific process through:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObservation → Question → Hypothesis → Prediction → Data Collection → Theory Development\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe diagram on the Sociology as Science page visually represents the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003escientific method as an ongoing and cyclical process\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eof observation, hypothesis testing, data collection and refinement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Research Methods \u0026amp; Analysis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuantitative \u0026amp; Qualitative Methods • Techniques of Data Collection • Variables • Sampling • Hypothesis • Reliability • Validity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book compares quantitative and qualitative approaches and notes that researchers may use them either as separate strategies or combine them in research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuantitative Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe section covers:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement • Mathematical Models • Experimental Design • Surveys • Secondary Data Analysis • Statistical Analysis • Replication • Hypothesis Testing\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt also discusses the strengths and limitations of quantitative research, including\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eprecision, control, causality, replicability and the challenge of controlling variables in complex human behaviour\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eSociological Thinkers\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Karl Marx\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book covers:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDialectical Materialism • Class Struggle • Social Change • Alienation\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Marx section explains\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDialectical Materialism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ethrough the interaction of:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThesis → Anti-Thesis → Synthesis\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt connects Marx’s approach with the study of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecapitalism, industrialisation, conflict and historical change\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Emile Durkheim\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRules of Sociological Method • Social Facts • Division of Labour • Suicide • Elementary Forms of Religious Life\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Max Weber\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethodology \u0026amp; Value Judgement • Ideal Type • Social Action • Power \u0026amp; Authority • Religion \u0026amp; Economy • Bureaucracy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Talcott Parsons\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial Action • Pattern Variables • Functionalism • Social Change\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. R.K. Merton\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunctionalism • Manifest \u0026amp; Latent Functions • Conformity \u0026amp; Deviance • Reference Group\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. G.H. Mead\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelf • Identity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eSocial Stratification \u0026amp; Mobility\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10. Social Stratification\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial Stratification • Theories of Stratification • Gender • Racial Inequality • Social Mobility\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book explains social stratification as a\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esocially structured form of inequality\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003econnected with power, property, prestige and social ranking.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt highlights major characteristics such as:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Nature • Antiquity • Universality • Socially Sanctioned Inequality\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Sociology Paper-I syllabus also covers stratification through:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass • Status Groups • Gender • Ethnicity • Race • Open \u0026amp; Closed Systems • Types and Causes of Mobility\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003ePolitics \u0026amp; Society\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11. Power, State \u0026amp; Citizenship\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePower • State • Citizenship • Social Movements\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book examines major sociological perspectives on power, including\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTalcott Parsons, Karl Marx and Max Weber\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeber’s perspective identifies three important bases of power:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass – Economic\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatus Group – Social\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParty – Political\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe syllabus further includes:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePower Elite • Bureaucracy • Pressure Groups • Political Parties • Nation • State • Democracy • Civil Society • Ideology • Protest • Agitation • Collective Action • Revolution\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eReligion \u0026amp; Society\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12. Sociological Theories of Religion\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSociological Theories of Religion • Sect \u0026amp; Cult • Secularism • Fundamentalism • Science \u0026amp; Religion\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book discusses\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvolutionary Theories of Religion\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand begins with\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnimism\u003c\/strong\u003e, especially the perspective of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE.B. Tylor\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Animism section examines the belief in\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esouls and spirits\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eas a basis of early religious thought and ritual practices.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eSystems of Kinship\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13. Family, Kinship \u0026amp; Patriarchy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTypes \u0026amp; Forms of Family • Patriarchy • Sexual Division of Labour\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Sociology Paper-I syllabus additionally covers:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily • Household • Marriage • Lineage • Descent • Contemporary Trends\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book discusses the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ejoint family\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ethrough social, political and economic dimensions, including solidarity, collective decision-making, authority and property ownership.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eSocial Change in Modern Society\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14. Social Change\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcept \u0026amp; Aspects • Theories of Social Change • Development • Dependency\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book explains social change through the ideas of thinkers such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMacIver \u0026amp; Page, Durkheim and Kingsley Davis\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt distinguishes different forms and directions of social change and discusses how changes may occur within a system or transform the system itself.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe syllabus also includes:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgents of Social Change • Education \u0026amp; Social Change • Science, Technology \u0026amp; Social Change\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eWork \u0026amp; Economic Life\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15. Sociology of Work\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial Organisation of Work in Different Types of Societies • Formal \u0026amp; Informal Organisation of Work • Labour \u0026amp; Society\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book defines work sociologically as an activity involving\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emental and physical effort connected with the production of goods and services\u003c\/strong\u003e, while also considering work as a broader social activity shaped by power relations and institutions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt discusses how\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarx, Durkheim and Weber\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eapproached the study of work through alienation, social integration, bureaucracy and authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prescribed syllabus also covers the social organisation of work in:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSlave Society • Feudal Society • Industrial Capitalist Society\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSuitable For\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociology Optional • UPSC Sociology Optional • Civil Services Examination • Sociology Paper 1 • Sociological Thinkers • Research Methodology • Social Stratification • Politics and Society • Religion and Society • Kinship • Social Change • Sociology of Work\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"DRISHTI PUBLICATIONS","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52683057266968,"sku":"OPSOC1","price":231.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0961\/2686\/1592\/files\/Untitleddesign_086fa23d-d129-4e33-89f0-a058b5e1bda2.jpg?v=1789458233","url":"https:\/\/shop.drishtipublications.com\/products\/drishti-ias-sociology-optional-course-paper-i-class-notes-english-medium","provider":"Drishti Publications","version":"1.0","type":"link"}