{"product_id":"drishti-ias-sociology-optional-course-for-paper-ii-class-notes-english-medium","title":"DRISHTI IAS Sociology Optional Course for Paper-II, Class Notes, English Medium","description":"\u003ch1 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\"\u003eDRISHTI IAS Sociology Paper-II | Optional Course for Civil Services Examination\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eComprehensive coverage of Sociology Paper-II\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efor Civil Services Examination preparation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFocuses on\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndian Society, Social Structure and Social Change in India\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers major perspectives on Indian society, including\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA.R. Desai’s Marxist Sociology\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImpact of Colonial Rule on Indian Society\u003c\/strong\u003e, Indian Nationalism, Modernisation and Social Reform\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed coverage of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRural Social Structure, Agrarian Classes, Village Studies, Land Reforms and Green Revolution\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCaste System\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ethrough G.S. Ghurye, M.N. Srinivas, Louis Dumont and Andre Beteille\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTribal Communities in India\u003c\/strong\u003e, integration, autonomy and colonial policies\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Classes in India\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e– Agrarian, Industrial and Middle Class\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed coverage of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKinship, Family, Descent, Patriarchy and Sexual Division of Labour\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion and Society, Religious Minorities and Communalism\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVisions of Social Change in India\u003c\/strong\u003e, Development Planning, Mixed Economy, Constitution and Education\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndustrialisation and Urbanisation in India\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolitics and Society\u003c\/strong\u003e, Democracy, Political Parties, Pressure Groups, Elites, Regionalism and Secularisation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed section on\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Movements in Modern India\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation Dynamics, Family Planning, Ageing, Sex Ratio and Reproductive Health\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChallenges of Social Transformation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003esuch as Poverty, Displacement, Violence Against Women, Caste Conflict and Educational Disparity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStructured specifically for\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociology Optional Paper-II\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe uploaded PDF is titled\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociology (Paper-II)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand is presented as part of the Drishti IAS\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOptional Course for Civil Services Examination\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAbout this Book\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrishti IAS Sociology Paper-II\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eis a structured study resource designed for aspirants preparing\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociology as an Optional subject for the Civil Services Examination\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book focuses on\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndian Society\u003c\/strong\u003e, beginning with sociological perspectives for studying India and the impact of colonial rule. It then moves through rural and agrarian structure, caste, tribes, social classes, kinship, religion and major processes of social transformation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe later chapters cover\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edevelopment planning, industrialisation, urbanisation, politics, social movements, population dynamics and contemporary challenges of social transformation\u003c\/strong\u003e, giving broad Paper-II coverage in a single resource.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Areas Covered\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerspectives on Indian Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA.R. Desai \u0026amp; Marxist Sociology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eColonial Rule \u0026amp; Indian Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndian Nationalism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModernisation of Indian Tradition\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRural Social Structure\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgrarian Class Structure\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVillage Studies\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLand Tenure \u0026amp; Land Reforms\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGreen Revolution\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCooperatives\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCaste System\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG.S. Ghurye\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM.N. Srinivas\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLouis Dumont\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAndre Beteille\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUntouchability\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTribal Communities\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntegration \u0026amp; Autonomy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Classes in India\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily \u0026amp; Kinship\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescent\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatriarchy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion \u0026amp; Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommunalism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDevelopment Planning\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMixed Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstitution, Law \u0026amp; Social Change\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation \u0026amp; Social Change\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndustrialisation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrbanisation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWorking Class\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSlums \u0026amp; Urban Deprivation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemocracy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolitical Parties\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePressure Groups\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial \u0026amp; Political Elites\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegionalism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSecularisation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Movements\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen’s Movement\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeasant \u0026amp; Farmers’ Movements\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDalit \u0026amp; Backward-Class Movements\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Movements\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnicity \u0026amp; Identity Movements\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation Dynamics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation Pyramid\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily Planning\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgeing\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex Ratio\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReproductive Health\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDevelopment \u0026amp; Displacement\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoverty \u0026amp; Inequality\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eViolence Against Women\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCaste Conflict\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducational Disparities\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Perspectives on the Study of Indian Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book begins with\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarxist Sociology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand the relevance of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA.R. Desai’s perspective\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efor understanding Indian society.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA.R. Desai’s approach emphasises\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eproperty relations, class relations and socio-economic structures\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewhile also recognising institutions such as caste, religion, language and tribal groups.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe notes explain that this perspective can be applied to areas such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eindustrial relations, rural development, urban development, education and the political economy of the state\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Impact of Colonial Rule on Indian Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial Background of Indian Nationalism • Modernisation of Indian Tradition • Social Reforms\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe chapter traces different phases of the Indian nationalist movement and links them with\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esocial reform, political consciousness, class participation and changing colonial conditions\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Rural Social Structure\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial Structure • Rural Social Structure in India • Caste Groups • Agrarian Class Structure • Village Studies • Land Tenure System • Land Reforms • Green Revolution • Community Development Programme • Cooperatives\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book defines social structure as a relatively stable pattern of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003einterrelated statuses, roles, rights and obligations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewithin society.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt also discusses rural settlement patterns such as:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNucleated Villages • Linear\/Scattered Villages • Dispersed Homesteads\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe rural-family section covers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003enuclear and joint families\u003c\/strong\u003e, coresidentiality, common kitchen, joint property and generational depth.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eCaste System\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Caste in Indian Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFeatures of Caste System • G.S. Ghurye • M.N. Srinivas • Louis Dumont • Andre Beteille • Untouchability\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book presents\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG.S. Ghurye’s six features of caste\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSegmental Division • Hierarchy • Restrictions on Food \u0026amp; Social Intercourse • Endogamy • Civil \u0026amp; Religious Disabilities • Occupational Restrictions\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe chapter also examines\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecaste hierarchy, social distance, purity and impurity, caste panchayats, caste councils and marriage restrictions\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eTribal Communities in India\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Tribal Community\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDefinitional Problems • Colonial Policies for Tribes • Issues of Integration \u0026amp; Autonomy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book discusses the difficulty of defining a tribe through any single criterion and considers factors such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ereligion, geographical isolation, language, economic backwardness and political organisation\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt also examines\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnimism, Totemism, language and geographical location\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eas possible markers of tribal identity while highlighting their limitations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eSocial Classes in India\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Agrarian, Industrial \u0026amp; Middle Classes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgrarian Class Structure • Industrial Class Structure • Middle Class in India\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe agrarian-class section explains class location through a person’s position in the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esocial organisation of production\u003c\/strong\u003e, particularly in relation to land and agriculture.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book discusses agrarian categories including:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLandlords • Tenants • Agricultural Landowners • Agricultural Labourers • Sharecroppers\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt also examines how colonial land policies contributed to increased stratification in rural India.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eSystems of Kinship in India\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Family, Descent \u0026amp; Patriarchy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily • Descent • Types of Kinship Systems in India • Household Dimensions of Family • Patriarchy, Entitlements \u0026amp; Sexual Division of Labour\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book treats the family as a\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebasic and universal social institution\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand discusses definitions by Burgess \u0026amp; Lock, G.P. Murdock, MacIver, Kingsley Davis, Malinowski and Talcott Parsons.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMajor characteristics include:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUniversality • Emotional Basis • Limited Size • Formative Influence • Central Position in Social Structure\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eReligion \u0026amp; Society\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. Religion in Indian Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReligious Communities in India • Problems of Religious Minorities • Communalism in India\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section connects religion with questions of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecommunity identity, minority status and communal relations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewithin Indian society.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eVisions of Social Change in India\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. Development Planning \u0026amp; Mixed Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIdea of Development Planning and Mixed Economy • Mixed Economy • Constitution, Law \u0026amp; Social Change • Education \u0026amp; Social Change\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book traces the beginning of Indian planning from the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlanning Commission and Five-Year Plans\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand discusses goals such as growth, economic stability, self-reliance, social justice and modernisation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt also covers the transition from the Planning Commission to\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNITI Aayog\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand discusses planning in relation to India’s socio-economic development.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eIndustrialisation \u0026amp; Urbanisation in India\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10. Industrial and Urban Transformation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEvolution of Modern Industry • Growth of Urban Settlements • Working Class • Informal Sector • Child Labour • Slums \u0026amp; Deprivation in Urban Areas\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book examines both the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecolonial and post-independence phases of industrialisation\u003c\/strong\u003e, including deindustrialisation, economic drain, the growth of Indian capitalists and the post-independence mixed-economy model.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt also discusses the emphasis placed on\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eheavy industry and the public sector under the Second Five-Year Plan and Mahalanobis model\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003ePolitics \u0026amp; Society\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11. Democracy and Political Processes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDemocracy • Political Parties • Pressure Groups • Social \u0026amp; Political Elite • Regionalism \u0026amp; Decentralisation of Power • Secularisation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe democracy section distinguishes between:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcedural Democracy • Substantive Democracy\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProcedural democracy is discussed through\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eelections, participation, competition and universal adult franchise\u003c\/strong\u003e, while substantive democracy goes beyond electoral mechanisms to broader social conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eSocial Movements in Modern India\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12. Major Social Movements\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book covers:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeasants \u0026amp; Farmers’ Movements • Women’s Movement • Backward Classes \u0026amp; Dalit Movements • Environmental Movements • Ethnicity \u0026amp; Identity Movements\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section helps connect collective action with\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclass, gender, caste, environment, ethnicity and identity politics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ein modern India.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003ePopulation Dynamics\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13. Population \u0026amp; Demographic Change\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePopulation Size, Growth, Composition \u0026amp; Distribution • Birth • Death • Migration • Population Pyramid • Population Policy • Family Planning • Ageing • Sex Ratios • Child \u0026amp; Infant Mortality • Reproductive Health\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Paper-II syllabus also explicitly links population dynamics with\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epopulation growth, migration, family planning and emerging demographic issues\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eChallenges of Social Transformation\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14. Contemporary Social Challenges\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final chapter covers:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCrisis of Development • Development-Induced Displacement • Environmental Problems • Sustainability • Poverty • Deprivation • Inequality • Violence Against Women • Caste Conflicts • Illiteracy \u0026amp; Educational Disparities\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe syllabus also includes broader challenges such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eethnic conflict, communalism and religious revivalism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewithin the transformation of Indian society.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSuitable For\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociology Optional • UPSC Sociology Optional • Civil Services Examination • Sociology Paper 2 • Indian Society • Caste System • Rural Sociology • Tribal Sociology • Social Classes • Kinship • Social Change • Industrialisation • Urbanisation • Political Sociology • Social Movements • Population Sociology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"DRISHTI PUBLICATIONS","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52683088331032,"sku":"OPSOC2","price":289.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0961\/2686\/1592\/files\/Untitleddesign_d8eaff15-dea6-409a-9cb4-000f3471009a.jpg?v=1789459917","url":"https:\/\/shop.drishtipublications.com\/products\/drishti-ias-sociology-optional-course-for-paper-ii-class-notes-english-medium","provider":"Drishti Publications","version":"1.0","type":"link"}