{"product_id":"drishti-ias-philosophy-optional-course-western-philosophy-class-notes-english-medium","title":"DRISHTI IAS Philosophy Optional Course, Western Philosophy, Class Notes, English Medium","description":"\u003ch1 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\"\u003eDRISHTI IAS Philosophy – Western Philosophy | Optional Course for Civil Services Examination\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eComprehensive coverage of Western Philosophy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efor Philosophy Optional preparation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlato and Aristotle\u003c\/strong\u003e, including metaphysics, epistemology, Theory of Ideas and substance\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed section on\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRationalism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ethrough Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmpiricism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ethrough Locke, Berkeley and Hume\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmanuel Kant’s Critical Philosophy\u003c\/strong\u003e, Transcendental Idealism and Categories\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHegel’s Absolute Idealism and Dialectical Method\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG.E. Moore, Bertrand Russell and Early Wittgenstein\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLogical Positivism and the Vienna Circle\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLater Wittgenstein\u003c\/strong\u003e, Meaning and Use, Language Games and Private Language\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhenomenology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ethrough Edmund Husserl\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExistentialism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ethrough Kierkegaard, Sartre and Heidegger\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuine and Strawson\u003c\/strong\u003e, including critiques of empiricism, metaphysics and theory of person\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesigned as an\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOptional Course for Civil Services Examination\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book is titled\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhilosophy – Western Philosophy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand is structured as an Optional Course for Civil Services Examination preparation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAbout this Book\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrishti IAS Philosophy – Western Philosophy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eis a focused study resource designed for aspirants preparing Philosophy as an Optional subject for the Civil Services Examination.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book traces major developments in Western philosophical thought, beginning with the classical philosophy of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlato and Aristotle\u003c\/strong\u003e, then moving through\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRationalism, Empiricism, Kantian Philosophy and Hegelian Idealism\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt further covers major trends in modern and contemporary philosophy through\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoore, Russell, Wittgenstein, Logical Positivism, Phenomenology, Existentialism, Quine and Strawson\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe structure brings together important themes of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emetaphysics, epistemology, logic, language, knowledge, existence, freedom and philosophical method\u003c\/strong\u003e, making it useful for systematic Philosophy Optional preparation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Areas Covered\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlato’s Theory of Ideas \/ Forms\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalogy of the Cave\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAristotle’s Metaphysics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubstance \u0026amp; Form\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRationalism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescartes’ Theory of Ideas\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMind–Body Dualism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpinoza’s Metaphysics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpinoza’s Geometrical Method\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntellectual Love of God\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeterminism \u0026amp; Freedom\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLeibniz’s Monadology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePre-Established Harmony\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmpiricism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocke’s Theory of Knowledge\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRefutation of Innate Ideas\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBerkeley’s Idealism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHume’s Epistemology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCausation \u0026amp; Problem of Induction\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKant’s Critical Philosophy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTranscendental Idealism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCopernican Revolution\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategories, Space \u0026amp; Time\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHegel’s Dialectical Method\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbsolute Idealism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoore’s Common Sense Realism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRussell’s Logical Analysis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOckham’s Razor\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEarly Wittgenstein’s Picture Theory of Meaning\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLogical Positivism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElimination of Metaphysics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLater Wittgenstein – Meaning \u0026amp; Use\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLanguage Games\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrivate Language\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHusserl’s Phenomenology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntentionality of Consciousness\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExistentialism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKierkegaard\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSartre – Existence Precedes Essence\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreedom \u0026amp; Responsibility\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeidegger and Phenomenological Ontology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuine’s Critique of Empiricism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrawson’s Theory of Person\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Plato and Aristotle\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlato • Life \u0026amp; Writings • Metaphysics • Theory of Ideas • Copy and Participation Theory • Epistemology • Analogy of the Cave • Aristotle’s Criticism of Plato • Aristotle • Metaphysics • Form • Substance • God\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book presents Plato’s metaphysics through the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTheory of Ideas or Forms\u003c\/strong\u003e, distinguishing sensory objects from an intellectual realm of universal forms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Rationalism – Descartes, Spinoza \u0026amp; Leibniz\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRationalism • Emergence of Rationalism • Descartes • Theory of Ideas • Metaphysics • Mind-Body Dualism • External World • Spinoza • Geometrical Method • Intellectual Love of God • Determinism \u0026amp; Freedom • Conatus • Ethics • Leibniz • Monads • Pre-Established Harmony • God\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Rationalism section contrasts\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ereason and experience as sources of knowledge\u003c\/strong\u003e, while identifying Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz as major rationalist thinkers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Empiricism – Locke, Berkeley \u0026amp; Hume\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLocke • Refutation of Innate Ideas • Theory of Knowledge • Metaphysics • Mind • God • Berkeley • Refutation of Abstract Ideas • Refutation of Materialism • Epistemology • Hume • Causation • Problem of Induction • Phenomenalism\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book explains Empiricism as an approach that gives central importance to\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eexperience as a source of knowledge\u003c\/strong\u003e, in contrast with Rationalism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Immanuel Kant\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntroduction • Aim • Critical Philosophy • Classification of Judgments • Copernican Revolution • Space \u0026amp; Time • Categories • Idea of Reason • Transcendental Idealism • Antinomies • Critique of Proofs for Existence of God\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PDF describes Kant as a central figure in modern philosophy who sought to synthesize elements of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRationalism and Empiricism\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntroduction • Absolute Idealism • Dialectical Method\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHegel is presented through his\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbsolute Idealism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand dialectical movement from thesis to antithesis and synthesis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Moore, Russell \u0026amp; Early Wittgenstein\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eG.E. Moore • Decline of Idealism • Defence of Common Sense • Bertrand Russell • Theory of Knowledge • Logical Construction • Ockham’s Razor • Metaphysical Theory • Early Wittgenstein • Picture Theory of Meaning • Three Kinds of Proposition • Saying and Showing\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoore is discussed as a major defender of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecommon-sense realism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand one of the founders of analytical philosophy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Logical Positivism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntroduction • Historical Background • Aim • Logical Positivism • Elimination of Metaphysics • Linguistic Theory of Necessary Proposition • Quine’s Refutation • Importance\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book explains Logical Positivism as a movement concerned with\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003elogical analysis, empirical verification and the critique of metaphysical propositions\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. Later Wittgenstein\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning and Use • Language Game • Private Language • Early vs Later Wittgenstein\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe later Wittgenstein section emphasizes the practical\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003euse of language\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand how philosophical problems can arise from misuse or rigid interpretation of words.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. Phenomenology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEdmund Husserl • Phenomenology • Rejection of Prevalent Attitudes • Intentionality of Consciousness • Evaluation • Husserl vs Sartre\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe section covers Husserl’s development of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003etranscendental phenomenology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand its focus on the structures through which objects are constituted in consciousness.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10. Existentialism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSoren Kierkegaard • Truth is Subjectivity • Three Stages of Life • Fear and Trembling • Choice • Jean-Paul Sartre • Existence Precedes Essence • Freedom \u0026amp; Responsibility • Phenomenological Ontology • Martin Heidegger • Sorge \/ Care\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book presents Existentialism as a philosophy centred on\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eindividual existence, freedom, choice and responsibility\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11. Quine and Strawson\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuine • Critique of Empiricism • Two Dogmas of Empiricism • Strawson • Metaphysics • Theory of Person • Cartesian Dualism\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuine is discussed in relation to\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003elogic, ontology, epistemology, philosophy of language and naturalized epistemology\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSuitable For\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhilosophy Optional • UPSC Philosophy Optional • Civil Services Examination • Western Philosophy • Modern Philosophy • Epistemology • Metaphysics • Analytical Philosophy • Existentialism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"DRISHTI PUBLICATIONS","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52642320711960,"sku":"OWP1","price":231.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0961\/2686\/1592\/files\/Untitleddesign_84fbcae1-213d-469f-9fc6-04ed68728d08.jpg?v=1789021756","url":"https:\/\/shop.drishtipublications.com\/products\/drishti-ias-philosophy-optional-course-western-philosophy-class-notes-english-medium","provider":"Drishti Publications","version":"1.0","type":"link"}