{"title":"UGC CLASS NOTES HINDI","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"drishti-ias-ugc-net-jrf-economics-paper-ii-class-notes-hindi-set-of-5-books","title":"DRISHTI IAS UGC NET\/JRF Arthshastra Paper-II Class Notes, Hindi Medium, Set of 5 Books","description":"\u003ch1 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\"\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET\/JRF Economics Paper-II – Class Notes | Complete Units 1–10 | Hindi Medium | 5-Book Set\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrishti Publications’\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET\/JRF Economics Paper-II Class Notes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eare designed for aspirants preparing for\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUGC NET Economics, NTA UGC NET, NTA NET, JRF Economics and other Economics-related competitive examinations\u003c\/strong\u003e. This\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5-book Hindi Medium set\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eprovides structured coverage of the complete\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnits 1 to 10\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003esyllabus, with each volume covering two units in simple and easy-to-understand language. The five volumes cover\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnits 1–2, 3–4, 5–6, 7–8 and 9–10\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003erespectively.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Features\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eComplete Units 1–10 Coverage:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eA comprehensive\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5-book set\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ecovering the complete NTA UGC NET Economics Paper-II syllabus.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSystematically Divided Set:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSeparate volumes for\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnits 1–2, Units 3–4, Units 5–6, Units 7–8 and Units 9–10\u003c\/strong\u003e, making preparation organised and manageable.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e🇮🇳\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHindi Medium Class Notes:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eConcepts are presented in simple Hindi while retaining important technical Economics terminology in English where required.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMicroeconomics \u0026amp; Macroeconomics:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCovers consumer behaviour, production and costs, game theory, market structures, national income, employment, IS-LM model, inflation, business cycles and monetary-fiscal policy.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eStatistics \u0026amp; Econometrics:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eIncludes probability, descriptive statistics, sampling, hypothesis testing, regression models, identification problems and simultaneous equation models.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMathematical Economics:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCovers sets, functions, calculus, matrices, vector spaces, optimisation, input-output models, linear programming and differential equations.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eInternational \u0026amp; Public Economics:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eIncludes international trade theories, Balance of Payments, exchange rates, WTO, IMF, World Bank, market failure, public revenue, public expenditure, public debt and fiscal policy.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMoney \u0026amp; Banking:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCovers money supply, central banking, commercial banking, monetary policy, non-banking financial institutions and capital markets.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eGrowth \u0026amp; Development Economics:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eIncludes development theories and growth models such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdam Smith, Ricardo, Marx, Schumpeter, Rostow, Harrod-Domar, Solow, Robinson and Kaldor\u003c\/strong\u003e, along with HDI, SDGs, poverty and inequality.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Economics \u0026amp; Demography:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCovers market failure, Coase Theorem, environmental valuation, population theories, fertility, mortality, demographic dividend, life tables and migration.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e🇮🇳\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndian Economy:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCovers agriculture, industry, services, rural and urban development, foreign trade, infrastructure, market reforms, Centre-State financial relations, FRBM, poverty, inequality and unemployment.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePrevious NTA\/UGC-NET Questions:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe material incorporates previous examination questions for exam-oriented practice; the notes include questions from sessions such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET June 2024\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand earlier examinations.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAbout this Class Notes Set\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET\/JRF Economics Paper-II Class Notes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eprovide aspirants with a structured pathway for preparing the complete Economics syllabus. Instead of presenting all ten units in a single bulky volume, the content has been divided into\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efive focused books\u003c\/strong\u003e, allowing candidates to study two units at a time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe series begins with\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicroeconomics and Macroeconomics\u003c\/strong\u003e, covering fundamental topics such as consumer behaviour, production and cost, uncertainty and risk, game theory, market structures, welfare economics, national income, Classical and Keynesian approaches, consumption, investment, demand and supply of money, inflation and monetary-fiscal policy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt then progresses to\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistics \u0026amp; Econometrics and Mathematical Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e, providing coverage of quantitative concepts required for UGC NET Economics. Topics include probability, sampling, hypothesis testing, regression, matrices, calculus, optimisation and economic models.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe subsequent units deal with\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInternational Economics and Public Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e, including theories of international trade, Balance of Payments, exchange-rate determination, foreign-exchange markets, tariffs, WTO, IMF and World Bank, along with taxation, government expenditure, public debt, government budgeting and fiscal policy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe later volumes focus on\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoney \u0026amp; Banking, Economics of Growth and Development, Environmental Economics \u0026amp; Demography, and the Indian Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e, creating comprehensive coverage of both theoretical Economics and India-specific economic issues.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eComplete Unit-Wise Coverage\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBook 1 – Units 1 \u0026amp; 2\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit I – Microeconomics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTheory of Consumer Behaviour\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTheory of Production and Costs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDecision Making under Uncertainty \u0026amp; Risk\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGame Theory\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarket Structures\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFactor Pricing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeneral Equilibrium\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePareto Optimality \u0026amp; Kaldor-Hicks Criteria\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWelfare Economics\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsymmetric Information\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit II – Macroeconomics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Income\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOutput \u0026amp; Employment\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClassical \u0026amp; Keynesian Approaches\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConsumption \u0026amp; Investment Functions\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMultiplier \u0026amp; Accelerator\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDemand and Supply of Money\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIS-LM Model\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInflation \u0026amp; Phillips Curve\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBusiness Cycles\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMonetary \u0026amp; Fiscal Policy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRational Expectations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBook 2 – Units 3 \u0026amp; 4\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit III – Statistics \u0026amp; Econometrics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProbability Theory\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCorrelation \u0026amp; Index Numbers\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSampling Methods\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStatistical Inference\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHypothesis Testing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLinear Regression\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBLUE Properties\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIdentification Problems\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSimultaneous Equation Models\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit IV – Mathematical Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSets, Functions \u0026amp; Continuity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSequences \u0026amp; Series\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferential Calculus\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLinear Algebra\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatrices \u0026amp; Vector Spaces\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStatic Optimisation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInput-Output Model\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLinear Programming\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifference \u0026amp; Differential Equations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBook 3 – Units 5 \u0026amp; 6\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit V – International Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInternational Trade\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTheories of International Trade\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImperfect Competition\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBalance of Payments\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExchange Rate\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eForeign Exchange Market\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGains from Trade\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTerms of Trade\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTariff \u0026amp; Non-Tariff Barriers\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDumping\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGATT \u0026amp; WTO\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRegional Trade Blocks\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIMF \u0026amp; World Bank\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit VI – Public Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarket Failure\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePublic Goods \u0026amp; Externalities\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRegulation of Markets\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePublic Revenue\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDirect \u0026amp; Indirect Taxes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePublic Expenditure\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePublic Debt\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGovernment Budget\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFiscal Policy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBook 4 – Units 7 \u0026amp; 8\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit VII – Money \u0026amp; Banking\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eComponents of Money Supply\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCentral Bank\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCommercial Banking\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMonetary Policy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNon-Banking Financial Institutions\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCapital Market \u0026amp; Regulation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit VIII – Economics of Growth \u0026amp; Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEconomic Growth \u0026amp; Development\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdam Smith, Ricardo \u0026amp; Marx\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchumpeter \u0026amp; Rostow\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBalanced \u0026amp; Unbalanced Growth\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBig Push Approach\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarrod-Domar \u0026amp; Solow Models\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRobinson \u0026amp; Kaldor Models\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEndogenous Growth\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePQLI, HDI \u0026amp; SDGs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePoverty \u0026amp; Inequality\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHealth, Education \u0026amp; Gender\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBook 5 – Units 9 \u0026amp; 10\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit IX – Environmental Economics \u0026amp; Demography\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnvironment as a Public Good\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarket Failure\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoase Theorem\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCost-Benefit Analysis\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnvironmental Valuation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePopulation Theories\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFertility, Morbidity \u0026amp; Mortality\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAge Structure\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDemographic Dividend\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLife Table\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMigration\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit X – Indian Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEconomic Growth in India\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgriculture\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIndustry\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eServices Sector\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRural Development\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUrban Development\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eForeign Trade \u0026amp; BOP\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eForeign Capital\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInfrastructure Development\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePublic-Private Partnerships\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLand, Labour \u0026amp; Capital Market Reforms\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCentre-State Financial Relations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFinance Commissions \u0026amp; FRBM\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePoverty, Inequality \u0026amp; Unemployment\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eExam-Oriented Preparation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Class Notes combine conceptual Economics with\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET previous-year examination questions\u003c\/strong\u003e, helping aspirants understand how concepts are tested in the actual examination. For example, the material contains questions from\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET June 2024 Re-exam, June 2019 and other previous sessions\u003c\/strong\u003e, along with answer keys in relevant sections.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis makes the set useful for\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econcept building, PYQ practice, revision and unit-wise preparation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efor Economics Paper-II.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eIdeal For\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis 5-book set is suitable for aspirants preparing for\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUGC NET Economics, NTA UGC NET Economics, NTA NET Economics, JRF Economics, Economics Paper 2, UGC NET exam, Assistant Professor eligibility examinations and other Economics-related competitive examinations\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"DRISHTI PUBLICATIONS","offers":[{"title":"Default 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format\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicroeconomics and Macroeconomics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewith core theories, models and applications\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed coverage of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistics, Econometrics and Mathematical Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInternational Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e, including trade theories, exchange rates, BOP, WTO, IMF and World Bank\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic Economics, Money \u0026amp; Banking and Fiscal Policy\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomics of Growth and Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewith major economists, theories and growth models\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Economics and Demography\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e🇮🇳 Dedicated coverage of the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndian Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e, including agriculture, industry, services, infrastructure and economic reforms\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET Previous Years’ Questions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efor exam-oriented practice\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e🇮🇳 Prepared in\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHindi Medium\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efor Economics Paper-II aspirants\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe notes are titled\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET\/JRF Arthshastra Class Notes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand follow the Economics Paper-II syllabus covering Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, Statistics \u0026amp; Econometrics, Mathematical Economics, International Economics, Public Economics, Money \u0026amp; Banking, Growth \u0026amp; Development, Environmental Economics \u0026amp; Demography, and Indian Economy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAbout these Class Notes\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrishti IAS NTA UGC NET\/JRF Arthshastra Class Notes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eare comprehensive Hindi-medium study notes designed for candidates preparing for\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA UGC NET\/JRF Economics Paper-II\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book is structured according to the Economics syllabus and covers fundamental as well as advanced areas, starting with\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econsumer behaviour, production and cost, market structures, factor pricing, general equilibrium and welfare economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eunder Microeconomics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Macroeconomics section includes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003enational income, output and employment, Classical and Keynesian approaches, consumption, investment, multiplier, accelerator, money demand and supply, IS-LM model, inflation, Phillips Curve, business cycles and monetary-fiscal policy\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe syllabus then progresses through\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistics \u0026amp; Econometrics, Mathematical Economics, International Economics, Public Economics, Money \u0026amp; Banking, Growth \u0026amp; Development, Environmental Economics \u0026amp; Demography and Indian Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e, providing broad Paper-II coverage in one resource.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Areas Covered\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMicroeconomics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e– Consumer Behaviour, Production, Costs, Market Structures and Factor Pricing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDecision Making under Uncertainty\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e– Risk and attitudes towards risk\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eGame Theory\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e– Non-Cooperative Games\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeneral Equilibrium \u0026amp; Welfare Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAsymmetric Information\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e– Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMacroeconomics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e– National Income, Employment, Consumption and Investment\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoney Demand \u0026amp; Supply\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIS-LM Model\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInflation \u0026amp; Phillips Curve\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBusiness Cycles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonetary \u0026amp; Fiscal Policy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistics \u0026amp; Econometrics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProbability, Sampling \u0026amp; Hypothesis Testing\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLinear Regression \u0026amp; Simultaneous Equation Models\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime Series Analysis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMathematical Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInternational Trade \u0026amp; International Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBalance of Payments \u0026amp; Exchange Rate\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIMF, World Bank, GATT \u0026amp; WTO\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTaxation, Public Expenditure \u0026amp; Public Debt\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoney \u0026amp; Banking\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCapital Market \u0026amp; Monetary Policy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic Growth \u0026amp; Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemography\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e🇮🇳\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndian Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit I – Microeconomics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTheory of Consumer Behaviour • Theory of Production and Costs • Decision Making under Uncertainty • Attitude towards Risk • Game Theory • Market Structures • Competitive \u0026amp; Non-Competitive Equilibrium • Factor Pricing • General Equilibrium Analysis • Pareto Optimality • Kaldor-Hicks Criterion • Wealth Maximization • Welfare Economics • Social Welfare Function • Asymmetric Information • Adverse Selection • Moral Hazard\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe detailed content further covers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eutility, consumer equilibrium, indifference curves, marginal rate of substitution, budget line, revealed preference, consumer surplus, demand, elasticity, production functions, isoquants and cost concepts\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit II – Macroeconomics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNational Income • Determination of Output \u0026amp; Employment • Classical and Keynesian Approaches • Consumption Function • Investment Function • Multiplier \u0026amp; Accelerator • Demand for Money • Supply of Money • IS-LM Model • Inflation • Phillips Curve • Business Cycles • Monetary Policy • Fiscal Policy • Rational Expectations Hypothesis\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe detailed chapters also discuss\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClassical, Keynesian, Monetarist, Supply-Side, New Classical and New Keynesian approaches\u003c\/strong\u003e, along with income determination and consumption-investment theories.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit III – Statistics \u0026amp; Econometrics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProbability Theory • Probability Distributions • Moments • Central Limit Theorem • Measures of Central Tendency • Dispersion • Correlation • Index Numbers • Sampling Methods • Sampling Distribution • Statistical Inference • Hypothesis Testing • Linear Regression Models • BLUE Properties • Identification Problem • Simultaneous Equation Models • Discrete Choice Models • Time Series Analysis\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit IV – Mathematical Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSets • Functions • Continuity • Sequence \u0026amp; Series • Differential Calculus • Linear Algebra • Matrices • Vector Spaces • Static Optimization • Input-Output Model • Linear Programming • Difference and Differential Equations\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit V – International Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInternational Trade • Theories of International Trade • Trade under Imperfect Competition • Balance of Payments • Exchange Rate • Foreign Exchange Market • Arbitrage • Gains from Trade • Terms of Trade • Trade Multiplier • Tariff \u0026amp; Non-Tariff Barriers • Dumping • GATT • WTO • Regional Trade Blocs • IMF • World Bank\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit VI – Public Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarket Failure • Asymmetric Information • Public Goods • Externalities • Market Regulation • Consumer Welfare • Public Revenue • Tax \u0026amp; Non-Tax Revenue • Direct \u0026amp; Indirect Taxes • Progressive \u0026amp; Non-Progressive Taxation • Tax Incidence • Public Expenditure • Public Debt • Government Budget • Budget Multiplier • Fiscal Policy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit VII – Money \u0026amp; Banking\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComponents of Money Supply • Central Bank • Commercial Banking • Monetary Policy Instruments • Non-Banking Financial Institutions • Capital Market and its Regulation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit VIII – Economics of Growth \u0026amp; Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEconomic Growth • Economic Development • Adam Smith • Ricardo • Marx • Schumpeter • Rostow • Balanced \u0026amp; Unbalanced Growth • Big Push Approach • Harrod-Domar Model • Solow Model • Robinson • Kaldor • Technical Progress • Endogenous Growth • PQLI • HDI • SDGs • Poverty • Inequality • Health • Education • Gender\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit IX – Environmental Economics \u0026amp; Demography\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnvironment as a Public Good • Market Failure • Coase Theorem • Cost-Benefit Analysis • Compensation Criteria • Valuation of Environmental Goods • Theories of Population • Fertility • Morbidity • Mortality • Age Structure • Demographic Dividend • Life Table • Migration\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit X – Indian Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEconomic Growth in India • Agriculture • Industry • Services • Rural Development • Urban Development • Foreign Trade • Balance of Payments • Foreign Capital • Trade Policy • Infrastructure Development • Public-Private Partnership • Land, Labour \u0026amp; Capital Market Reforms • Centre-State Financial Relations • Finance Commissions • FRBM • Poverty • Inequality • Unemployment\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNTA UGC NET\/JRF Previous Years’ Questions\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe notes include\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET previous-year questions integrated with the subject content\u003c\/strong\u003e, helping candidates understand the actual exam pattern and test conceptual application.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PDF includes questions from sessions such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDecember 2022, June 2023, December 2023 and June 2024\u003c\/strong\u003e, covering topics including expenditure functions, price discrimination, welfare economics, game theory, factor pricing, growth theory, IS-LM analysis and monetary economics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSuitable For\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA UGC NET Economics • UGC NET\/JRF Economics Paper-II • Economics NET Preparation • Arthshastra Class Notes • Hindi Medium UGC NET • Economics Competitive Exams\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"DRISHTI PUBLICATIONS","offers":[{"title":"Default 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Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInternational Economics, Public Economics and Money \u0026amp; Banking\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomics of Growth and Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewith major theories and growth models\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Economics and Demography\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e🇮🇳 Dedicated coverage of the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndian Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExplains important quantitative topics such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProbability, Regression, Hypothesis Testing, Time Series, Matrices and Linear Programming\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIS-LM Model, Inflation, Phillips Curve, Business Cycles, Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCentral Banking, Commercial Banking, Capital Markets and Monetary Policy Instruments\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eContains\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET Previous Years’ Questions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efor exam-oriented practice\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesigned for\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA UGC NET\/JRF Economics Paper-II aspirants\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e🇮🇳 Prepared in\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHindi Medium\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PDF is presented as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET\/JRF Arthshastra Class Notes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand its syllabus structure covers the major domains prescribed for Economics Paper-II.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAbout these Class Notes\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrishti IAS NTA UGC NET\/JRF Arthshastra Class Notes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eare Hindi-medium study notes designed for aspirants preparing for\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomics Paper-II\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eof the NTA UGC NET\/JRF examination.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe course content begins with\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicroeconomics\u003c\/strong\u003e, covering consumer behaviour, production and costs, decision-making under uncertainty, game theory, market structures, factor pricing, general equilibrium, welfare economics and asymmetric information.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMacroeconomics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eportion includes national income, output and employment, Classical and Keynesian approaches, consumption and investment functions, multiplier and accelerator, money demand and supply, IS-LM analysis, inflation, Phillips Curve, business cycles, and monetary and fiscal policy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe notes further extend into\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistics \u0026amp; Econometrics, Mathematical Economics, International Economics, Public Economics, Money \u0026amp; Banking, Growth \u0026amp; Development, Environmental Economics \u0026amp; Demography, and Indian Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e, giving aspirants broad syllabus-oriented coverage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Areas Covered\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMicroeconomics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e– Consumer Behaviour, Production, Cost and Market Structures\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUncertainty \u0026amp; Risk\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGame Theory\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeneral Equilibrium \u0026amp; Welfare Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsymmetric Information\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMacroeconomics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNational Income\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutput \u0026amp; Employment\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemand \u0026amp; Supply of Money\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIS-LM Model\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInflation \u0026amp; Phillips Curve\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBusiness Cycles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonetary \u0026amp; Fiscal Policy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistics \u0026amp; Econometrics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProbability \u0026amp; Sampling\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis Testing\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegression Analysis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime Series Analysis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMathematical Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInternational Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBalance of Payments \u0026amp; Exchange Rates\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoney \u0026amp; Banking\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrowth \u0026amp; Development Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemography\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e🇮🇳\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndian Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit I – Microeconomics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTheory of Consumer Behaviour • Theory of Production \u0026amp; Costs • Decision Making under Uncertainty • Attitude towards Risk • Non-Cooperative Game Theory • Competitive \u0026amp; Non-Competitive Market Structures • Factor Pricing • General Equilibrium • Pareto Optimality • Kaldor-Hicks Criterion • Wealth Maximization • Welfare Economics • Social Welfare Function • Adverse Selection • Moral Hazard\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit II – Macroeconomics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNational Income • Output \u0026amp; Employment • Classical and Keynesian Approaches • Consumption Function • Investment Function • Multiplier • Accelerator • Demand for Money • Supply of Money • IS-LM Model • Inflation • Phillips Curve • Business Cycles • Monetary Policy • Fiscal Policy • Rational Expectations\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit III – Statistics \u0026amp; Econometrics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProbability Theory • Distributions • Moments • Central Limit Theorem • Measures of Central Tendency • Dispersion • Correlation • Index Numbers • Sampling • Statistical Inference • Hypothesis Testing • Linear Regression • BLUE Properties • Identification Problem • Simultaneous Equation Models • Discrete Choice Models • Time Series Analysis\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe detailed section further covers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edescriptive and inferential statistics, measures of dispersion, skewness, correlation, probability, sampling, regression and econometric methodology\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PDF explains Econometrics as the application of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emathematical and statistical methods to analyse economic relationships and test economic theories empirically\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit IV – Mathematical Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSets • Functions • Continuity • Sequence \u0026amp; Series • Differential Calculus • Linear Algebra • Matrices • Vector Spaces • Static Optimization • Input-Output Model • Linear Programming • Difference \u0026amp; Differential Equations\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe detailed contents also include\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ematrix concepts, vector spaces, Leontief input-output models, linear programming and constrained\/unconstrained optimisation\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit V – International Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInternational Trade • Trade Theories • Trade under Imperfect Competition • Balance of Payments • Exchange Rates • Foreign Exchange Market • Arbitrage • Gains from Trade • Terms of Trade • Trade Multiplier • Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers • Dumping • GATT • WTO • Regional Trade Blocs • IMF • World Bank\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit VI – Public Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarket Failure • Asymmetric Information • Public Goods • Externalities • Market Regulation • Consumer Welfare • Public Revenue • Direct \u0026amp; Indirect Taxes • Progressive \u0026amp; Non-Progressive Taxation • Tax Incidence • Public Expenditure • Public Debt • Government Budget • Budget Multiplier • Fiscal Policy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit VII – Money \u0026amp; Banking\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoney Supply • Central Bank • Commercial Banking • Monetary Policy Instruments • Non-Banking Financial Institutions • Capital Market and its Regulation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit VIII – Economics of Growth \u0026amp; Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEconomic Growth • Economic Development • Adam Smith • Ricardo • Marx • Schumpeter • Rostow • Balanced \u0026amp; Unbalanced Growth • Big Push Approach • Harrod-Domar • Solow • Robinson • Kaldor • Technical Progress • Endogenous Growth • PQLI • HDI • SDGs • Poverty \u0026amp; Inequality • Health • Education • Gender\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit IX – Environmental Economics \u0026amp; Demography\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnvironment as a Public Good • Market Failure • Coase Theorem • Cost-Benefit Analysis • Valuation of Environmental Goods • Population Theories • Fertility • Morbidity • Mortality • Age Structure • Demographic Dividend • Life Table • Migration\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit X – Indian Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEconomic Growth in India • Agriculture • Industry • Services • Rural Development • Urban Development • Foreign Trade • BOP • Foreign Capital • Trade Policies • Infrastructure Development • Public-Private Partnership • Land, Labour \u0026amp; Capital Market Reforms • Centre-State Financial Relations • Finance Commissions • FRBM • Poverty • Inequality • Unemployment\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eExam-Oriented Previous Years’ Questions\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe class notes include\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET previous-year questions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewithin the subject sections, allowing aspirants to practice concepts in the format used in the examination.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PDF includes questions from sessions such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJune 2019, December 2020\/June 2021, December 2021\/June 2022, December 2022, December 2023 and June 2024\u003c\/strong\u003e, including quantitative questions from Statistics, Econometrics and Mathematical Economics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSuitable For\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA UGC NET Economics • UGC NET\/JRF Economics Paper-II • Arthshastra • Economics NET Preparation • Hindi Medium UGC NET • Economics Competitive Examination\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"DRISHTI PUBLICATIONS","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52643476570392,"sku":"DP24110","price":405.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0961\/2686\/1592\/files\/Untitleddesign_f170cfbe-20a1-4d86-a86e-475b6aad41e7.jpg?v=1789027613"},{"product_id":"drishti-ias-nta-ugc-net-jrf-arthshastra-paper-ii-class-notes-unit-5-6-hindi-medium","title":"DRISHTI IAS NTA UGC NET\/JRF Arthshastra Paper-II Class Notes, Unit 5 \u0026 6, Hindi Medium","description":"\u003ch1 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\"\u003eDRISHTI IAS NTA UGC NET\/JRF Arthshastra Class Notes Part-III – International \u0026amp; Public Economics | Hindi Medium\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFocused coverage of NTA UGC NET\/JRF Economics Paper-II – Unit V \u0026amp; Unit VI\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed study of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInternational Economics and International Trade\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers major\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClassical, Modern and Alternative Theories of International Trade\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExchange Rate, Foreign Exchange Market, Purchasing Power Parity and Balance of Payments\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Trade, Trade Multiplier, Free Trade and Protection\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed coverage of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTariffs, Import Quotas, Non-Tariff Barriers and Dumping\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes major international institutions such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIMF, World Bank and WTO\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers important economic organisations and groupings including\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUNCTAD, ILO, WEF, OECD, FATF, ADB, EU, BRICS, ASEAN, SAARC, BIMSTEC and OPEC\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed coverage of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic Economics and Public Finance\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarket Failure, Public Goods, Merit Goods, Externalities and Asymmetric Information\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic Revenue, Taxation, Public Expenditure and Public Debt\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFiscal Policy, Government Budget, Budget Deficits, FRBM and Finance Commission\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET Previous Years’ Questions and practice questions\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e🇮🇳 Prepared in\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHindi Medium\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efor Economics Paper-II aspirants\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PDF is presented as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET\/JRF Arthshastra Class Notes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efrom Drishti Publications and Part-III focuses primarily on\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInternational Economics and Public Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAbout these Class Notes\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrishti IAS NTA UGC NET\/JRF Arthshastra Class Notes Part-III\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eare Hindi-medium study notes designed for candidates preparing\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomics Paper-II\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eof the NTA UGC NET\/JRF examination.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis part begins with\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInternational Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e, covering international trade, major trade theories, free trade versus protection, terms of trade, trade multiplier, exchange-rate systems, Balance of Payments, tariffs, quotas, non-tariff barriers, dumping and global economic institutions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe second major section is\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e, which covers public finance, public and merit goods, market failure, asymmetric information, externalities, market regulation, taxation, public expenditure, public debt, fiscal policy, government budgeting, deficits, FRBM and the Finance Commission.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PDF also integrates\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eexam-oriented questions from NTA\/UGC-NET sessions\u003c\/strong\u003e, helping learners connect theoretical concepts with actual question patterns.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Areas Covered\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInternational Trade\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClassical Theories of Trade\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModern Trade Theories\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlternative Trade Theories\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFree Trade vs Protection\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Trade\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrade Multiplier\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForeign Exchange Rate\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForeign Exchange Market\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurchasing Power Parity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBalance of Payments\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTariffs \u0026amp; Import Quotas\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-Tariff Barriers\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDumping\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInternational Economic Organisations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIMF \u0026amp; World Bank Group\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWTO \u0026amp; International Trade Agreements\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegional Economic Groupings\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic Finance\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarket Failure\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic, Private \u0026amp; Merit Goods\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsymmetric Information\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExternalities\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic Revenue\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDirect \u0026amp; Indirect Taxation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTax Incidence \u0026amp; Tax Impact\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic Expenditure\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic Debt\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFiscal Policy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGovernment Budget\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFiscal, Revenue \u0026amp; Primary Deficits\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFRBM Act\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinance Commission\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBudget Multiplier\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit V – International Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. International Trade\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning \u0026amp; Definitions of International Trade • Features of International Trade • Benefits of International Trade • Analytical Methods • International vs Inter-Regional Trade • Need for a Separate Theory of International Trade\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe detailed chapter explains International Trade as the exchange of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003egoods and services between nations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand discusses its relationship with specialisation, division of labour, market expansion and economic development.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Major Theories of International Trade\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClassical Theories\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdam Smith’s Absolute Cost Difference Theory\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRicardo’s Comparative Cost Difference Theory\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHaberler’s Opportunity Cost Theory\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJ.S. Mill’s Reciprocal Demand Theory\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModern Theories\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHeckscher–Ohlin Theory\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSamuelson’s Factor Price Equalisation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLinder Theory\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKravis Availability Theory\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRybczynski Theorem\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStolper–Samuelson Theorem\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlternative Theories\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTechnology Gap Theory\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProduct Life Cycle Theory\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEconomies of Scale and International Trade\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGravity Model of International Trade\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Free Trade vs Protection\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFree Trade • Arguments in Favour of Free Trade • Arguments Against Free Trade • Protection • Arguments for Protection\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Terms of Trade \u0026amp; Trade Multiplier\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning • Types • Determination • Factors Affecting Terms of Trade • Problems in Measurement • Definition and Working of Trade Multiplier\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Trade Under Imperfect Competition\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModels of Imperfect Competition • Equilibrium in Closed Economy • Firm Equilibrium under Monopolistic Competition • Opening of Trade • Equilibrium under Monopolistic Competition\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Foreign Exchange Rate\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFixed Exchange Rate • Flexible Exchange Rate • Intermediate Exchange Rate Systems • Demand and Supply of Foreign Exchange • Equilibrium Exchange Rate • Mint Parity Theory • Purchasing Power Parity Theory • Balance of Payments Theory\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Balance of Payments\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning of Balance of Payments • Components • Balance of Payments vs Balance of Trade • Measures for Correcting BOP • Adjustment Mechanisms\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. Tariffs, Quotas, Non-Tariff Barriers \u0026amp; Dumping\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTariff • Types of Tariffs • Effects of Tariffs • Import Quotas • Import Licensing • Non-Tariff Barriers • Dumping • Objectives and Conditions for Dumping\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. International Economic Organisations \u0026amp; Agreements\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe notes cover a wide range of global and regional institutions, including:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIMF • World Bank Group • WTO • UNCTAD • ILO • WEF • OECD • FATF • FAO • UNIDO • ADB • African Development Bank • European Union • BRICS • New Development Bank • AIIB • ASEAN • SAARC • SAFTA • BIMSTEC • IORA • OPEC • APEC • GCC • SCO • RCEP • TPP • IBSA • BASIC\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe International Economics section also covers terminology such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFDI, FTA, SDR, SEZ, IMF, IBRD, World Bank, UNCTAD, FATF and RCEP\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eUnit VI – Public Economics\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Public Finance \u0026amp; Related Concepts\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning of Public Finance • Importance • Subject Matter • Public Goods • Private Goods • Merit Goods\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Market Failure\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning • Causes • Consequences • Asymmetric Information • Types \u0026amp; Effects • Externalities • Types • Examples • Corrective Measures\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Market Regulation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning of Market Regulation • Fraudulent Market Regulation • Major Strategies • Economic Effects of Regulation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Public Revenue\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning • Types • Sources • Importance • Challenges associated with Public Revenue\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Taxation \u0026amp; Related Theories\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning of Tax • Direct Tax • Indirect Tax • Progressive Tax • Proportional Tax • Regressive Tax • Characteristics of a Good Tax System • Canons of Taxation • Ability-to-Pay Principle\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Tax Impact, Incidence \u0026amp; Shifting\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffects of Taxation • Effect on Production • Distribution • Resource Allocation • Impact and Incidence of Tax • Tax Shifting\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Public Expenditure\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTypes of Public Expenditure • Causes for Growth of Public Expenditure • Economic Effects • Wagner’s Law • Wiseman-Peacock Hypothesis • Colin Clark’s Critical Limit • Principle of Maximum Social Advantage\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. Public Debt\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning of Public Debt • Internal \u0026amp; External Debt • Causes of Growth of Public Debt • Redemption of Public Debt • Debt Management\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. Fiscal Policy \u0026amp; Budget\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning of Fiscal Policy • Fiscal Policy and Economic Development • Implications • Government Budget • Budget Formation • Types of Budget • Budget Deficit • Fiscal Vicious Cycle • FRBM Act, 2003 • Finance Commission\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10. Budget Multiplier\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning of Budget Multiplier • Theory • Types and Formulae\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Public Economics section also includes important terms such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGST, Fiscal Deficit, Revenue Deficit, Primary Deficit, Laffer Curve, Deficit Financing, Consolidated Fund and Public Account Fund\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNTA UGC NET\/JRF Previous Years’ Questions\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe notes contain\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET questions integrated with the chapters\u003c\/strong\u003e, including questions on International Trade, Exchange Rates, Balance of Payments, WTO, tariffs, taxation, Finance Commission, fiscal deficits and public finance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PDF includes questions from exam cycles such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDecember 2019, June 2020, December 2020\/June 2021, June 2022, December 2022, June 2023 and June 2024 Re-exam\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSuitable For\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA UGC NET Economics • UGC NET\/JRF Economics Paper-II • Economics Class Notes • Arthshastra Hindi Medium • International Economics • Public Economics • NET\/JRF Economics Preparation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"DRISHTI PUBLICATIONS","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52643751297304,"sku":"DP24163","price":289.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0961\/2686\/1592\/files\/Untitleddesign_c6462fc4-601b-41fb-aa29-03286bb61530.jpg?v=1789028439"},{"product_id":"drishti-ias-nta-ugc-net-jrf-arthshastra-paper-ii-class-notes-unit-7-8-hindi-medium","title":"DRISHTI IAS NTA UGC NET\/JRF Arthshastra Paper-II Class Notes, Unit 7 \u0026 8, Hindi Medium","description":"\u003ch1 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\"\u003eDRISHTI IAS NTA UGC NET\/JRF Arthshastra Class Notes Part-IV – Money \u0026amp; Banking + Economics of Growth \u0026amp; Development | Hindi Medium\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFocused coverage of NTA UGC NET\/JRF Economics Paper-II – Unit VII \u0026amp; Unit VIII\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed coverage of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoney, Money Supply and Demand for Money\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCentral Banking, RBI, Commercial Banks and Cooperative Banks\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonetary Policy, Credit Creation and Credit Control\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNBFCs, Regional Rural Banks, Development Banks and Small Finance Banks\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes contemporary banking concepts such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUPI, BHIM, Financial Inclusion, P2P Lending and Digital Money\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed coverage of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInsurance and Capital Markets in India\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInflation, Phillips Curve and Business Cycles\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic Growth and Economic Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers major development thinkers and theories including\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdam Smith, Ricardo, Karl Marx, Schumpeter and Rostow\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes major growth models such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHarrod-Domar, Solow, Joan Robinson and Kaldor\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTechnical Progress and Endogenous Growth\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePQLI, HDI, SDGs, Poverty, Inequality and Social Sector Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET Previous Years’ Questions and practice questions\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e🇮🇳 Prepared in\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHindi Medium\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efor Economics Paper-II aspirants\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PDF is presented as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET\/JRF Arthshastra Class Notes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efrom Drishti Publications and this part specifically concentrates on\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit VII – Money \u0026amp; Banking\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit VIII – Economics of Growth and Development\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAbout these Class Notes\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrishti IAS NTA UGC NET\/JRF Arthshastra Class Notes Part-IV\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eare Hindi-medium study notes designed for aspirants preparing\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomics Paper-II\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eof the NTA UGC NET\/JRF examination.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first major section,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoney and Banking\u003c\/strong\u003e, covers the nature and definitions of money, types and functions of money, monetary theories, demand and supply of money, banking systems, RBI, commercial banking, NBFCs, credit creation, monetary policy, insurance, capital markets, inflation and business cycles.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe second major section,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomics of Growth and Development\u003c\/strong\u003e, examines economic growth versus economic development, measurement of development, characteristics of developing economies, determinants and stages of development, major development theories, growth models, technical progress, poverty, inequality and social-sector development.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Areas Covered\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNature \u0026amp; Definitions of Money\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTypes and Functions of Money\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuantity Theory of Money\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFisher \u0026amp; Cambridge Approaches\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemand for Money\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupply of Money\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e🇮🇳\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement of Money Supply in India\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCentral Banking\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReserve Bank of India\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercial Banking\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCooperative Banks\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegional Rural Banks\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDevelopment Banks \u0026amp; Small Finance Banks\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePayment Banks\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNBFCs\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-Performing Assets\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCapital Adequacy Ratio \u0026amp; Basel Norms\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUPI \u0026amp; BHIM\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial Inclusion\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCredit Creation \u0026amp; Credit Control\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonetary Policy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInsurance Market\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCapital Market \u0026amp; Securities Market\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEBI, Sensex \u0026amp; Nifty\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDerivatives, Bonds \u0026amp; Mutual Funds\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInflation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhillips Curve\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBusiness Cycles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic Growth \u0026amp; Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDevelopment Theories\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrowth Models\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTechnical Progress\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePQLI, HDI \u0026amp; SDGs\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoverty \u0026amp; Inequality\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth, Education \u0026amp; Gender Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit VII – Money and Banking\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Nature and Definitions of Money\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNature of Money • Theoretical and Empirical Definitions • Traditional Definitions • Friedman • Radcliffe • Gurley-Shaw • Pesek-Saving\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe notes examine money through different theoretical perspectives and also discuss its functions as a\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emedium of exchange, unit of account and store of value\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Money – Types and Functions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDefinition of Money • Types of Money • Legal Tender Money • Token Money • Standard Money • Plastic Money • Near Money • Hot Money • Metallic Money • Paper Money • Digital Money • Primary and Secondary Functions of Money\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Monetary Theory\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuantity Theory of Money • Fisher Approach • Cambridge Cash Balance Approach • Marshall Equation • Pigou Equation • Robertson Equation • Keynes Equation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Demand for Money\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClassical Approach • Keynesian Approach • Post-Keynesian Approach\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PDF also references important monetary concepts and thinkers including\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTobin’s Portfolio Approach, Baumol’s Inventory Approach, Friedman’s Reformulated Quantity Theory and Patinkin’s Real Balance Effect\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Supply of Money\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning and Definitions • Traditional View • Chicago\/Monetarist Approach • Gurley-Shaw Approach • Central Banking\/Radcliffe Approach • Measurement of Money Supply in India • Effective Money Supply • Velocity of Money • Determinants of Money Supply\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Banking System\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCentral Bank • Reserve Bank of India • Commercial Banks • Cooperative Banks • Regional Rural Banks • Development Banks • Small Finance Banks • Payment Banks • Non-Banking Financial Institutions\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe banking section further includes issues such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePriority Sector Lending, NPAs, Twin Balance Sheet Problem, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Basel Norms and Prompt Corrective Action\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt also includes contemporary concepts such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBitcoin, UPI, BHIM App, P2P Lending and Financial Inclusion\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Credit Creation \u0026amp; Credit Control\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning and Types of Credit • Objectives of Credit • Credit Creation by Banks • Limitations • Quantitative Credit Control • Qualitative\/Selective Credit Control • Monetary Policy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. Insurance \u0026amp; Capital Market in India\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsurance • IRDAI • Types of Insurance • LIC • General Insurance • Reinsurance • Capital Market • Securities Market • SEBI • Stock Market • Sensex • Nifty • Bankex • Spot Exchange • Derivatives • Futures Market\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe notes further cover capital-market terminology including\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDebentures, Bonds, Zero-Coupon Bonds, Inflation-Indexed Bonds, Municipal Bonds, Gilt-Edged Market, Mutual Funds, Participatory Notes and Market Capitalisation\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. Inflation \u0026amp; Business Cycles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInflation • Deflation • Disinflation • Reflation • Stagflation • Types of Inflation • Demand-Pull Inflation • Cost-Push Inflation • Inflation Indicators • WPI • CPI • GDP Deflator • Effects of Inflation • Inflation-Control Measures • Business Cycle and its Phases\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eUnit VIII – Economics of Growth and Development\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Economic Growth \u0026amp; Economic Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDefinitions • Nature of Economic Development • Static and Dynamic Economics • Difference between Economic Growth and Development\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe notes distinguish economic growth as mainly a\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003equantitative increase in output and income\u003c\/strong\u003e, while economic development additionally includes structural, institutional, technological and socio-economic improvements.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Measurement \u0026amp; Indicators of Economic Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning of Economic Development • Measurement • Gross National Product • Per Capita Income • Economic Welfare • Basic Needs • Major Indicators of Economic Development\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Developing Economies\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning of Underdeveloped\/Developing Economy • Characteristics • Problems of Developing Countries\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Determinants \u0026amp; Stages of Economic Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDeterminants of Development • Principal and Complementary Factors • Stages of Economic Development • Frederick List • Hildebrand • Karl Marx • Colin Clark • Rostow\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRostow’s model is discussed through five stages:\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTraditional Society, Preconditions for Take-Off, Take-Off, Drive to Maturity and Age of High Mass Consumption\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Theories of Economic Development \u0026amp; Growth\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClassical Theory • Adam Smith • Ricardo • Karl Marx • Schumpeter • Rostow • Nurkse’s Vicious Circle of Poverty • Balanced Growth • Unbalanced Growth\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Major Economic Growth Models\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHarrod Model • Domar Model • Joan Robinson’s Capital Accumulation Theory • Solow Long-Run Growth Model • Kaldor Distribution Model\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Solow section includes the production function, major components, graphical explanation, importance and limitations of the model.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Technical Progress\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnical Change • Neutral Technical Change • Types of Neutral Technical Change • Non-Neutral Technical Change • Effect of Technical Change on Economic Growth\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. Poverty \u0026amp; Inequality\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning and Types of Poverty • Causes • Measurement • Meaning of Inequality • Causes and Measurement • Effects of Poverty \u0026amp; Inequality • Measures for Reduction\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. Social Sector Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHealth • Education • Gender Perspective • Dimensions and Importance of Social Sector Development\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prescribed Unit VIII syllabus also explicitly includes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePQLI, HDI, SDGs, poverty, inequalities, health, education and gender\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNTA UGC NET\/JRF Previous Years’ Questions\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe notes include\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET previous-year and practice questions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eacross Money \u0026amp; Banking and Growth \u0026amp; Development. The Money \u0026amp; Banking section includes exam-oriented questions on monetary theories, banking legislation and related concepts, while Growth \u0026amp; Development includes questions on development theories, economists and models.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSuitable For\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA UGC NET Economics • UGC NET\/JRF Economics Paper-II • Arthshastra Hindi Medium • Money \u0026amp; Banking • Economics of Growth and Development • Economics NET\/JRF Preparation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"DRISHTI PUBLICATIONS","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52644641702168,"sku":"DP24172","price":347.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0961\/2686\/1592\/files\/Untitleddesign_98a7754d-1d7b-40d8-a17c-86aeecdc5351.jpg?v=1789032488"},{"product_id":"drishti-ias-nta-ugc-net-jrf-arthshastra-paper-ii-class-notes-unit-9-10-hindi-medium","title":"DRISHTI IAS NTA UGC NET\/JRF Arthshastra Paper-II Class Notes, Unit 9 \u0026 10, Hindi Medium","description":"\u003ch1 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\"\u003eDrishti IAS NTA UGC NET\/JRF Arthshastra Class Notes Part-V – Environmental Economics, Demography \u0026amp; Indian Economy | Hindi Medium\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFocused coverage of NTA UGC NET\/JRF Economics Paper-II – Unit IX \u0026amp; Unit X\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed coverage of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e, its concepts, objectives and importance\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironment as a Public Good, Market Failure and Environmental Valuation\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoase Theorem, Cost-Benefit Analysis and Compensation Criteria\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers different approaches to\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValuation and Pricing of Environmental Goods\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetailed coverage of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemography and Population Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFertility, Mortality, Sex Ratio, Population Density, Dependency Ratio and Life Table\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic Dividend, Population Pyramid and Population Policy\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMigration – Types, Causes, Consequences and Climate Migration\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e🇮🇳 Comprehensive coverage of the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndian Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNational Income, Economic Growth, Human Development and Poverty\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLand Reforms, Agriculture, Agricultural Finance and Food Security\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndustrial Development, MSMEs, Public Sector Enterprises and Disinvestment\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFood Processing Industry\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndustrial Finance, Labour Reforms, Rural and Urban Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnemployment, Poverty and Social Sector issues\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncludes\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET Previous Years’ Questions and practice questions\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e🇮🇳 Prepared in\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHindi Medium\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efor Economics Paper-II aspirants\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PDF is presented as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET\/JRF Arthshastra Class Notes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efrom Drishti Publications, and Part-V focuses on\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit IX – Environmental Economics \u0026amp; Demography\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit X – Indian Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAbout these Class Notes\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrishti IAS NTA UGC NET\/JRF Arthshastra Class Notes Part-V\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eare Hindi-medium study notes designed for aspirants preparing\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomics Paper-II\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eof the NTA UGC NET\/JRF examination.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first major section,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Economics and Demography\u003c\/strong\u003e, covers environmental economics as a discipline, environment as a public good, environmental quality, valuation of environmental goods, market failure, Coase Theorem, Cost-Benefit Analysis, compensation criteria and population-related concepts.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe demographic portion includes important indicators and concepts such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebirth rate, death rate, sex ratio, infant mortality, literacy, fertility, population density, dependency ratio, life expectancy, demographic dividend, population pyramid, migration and India’s population policy\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe second major section,\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndian Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e, offers extensive coverage of national income, economic development, agriculture, land reforms, food processing, industrial development, MSMEs, services, rural development, urban development, labour reforms, poverty, unemployment and food security.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Areas Covered\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Economics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironment as a Public Good\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarket Failure\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoase Theorem\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCost-Benefit Analysis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompensation Criteria\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Valuation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePricing of Environmental Goods\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation Theories\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBirth Rate \u0026amp; Fertility\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMortality \u0026amp; Infant Mortality\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex Ratio\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation Density\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDependency Ratio\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic Dividend\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLife Table\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation Pyramid\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e🇮🇳\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation Policy of India\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMigration\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndian Economy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNational Income\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic Growth \u0026amp; Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHuman Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLand Reforms\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgriculture\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgricultural Finance\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNABARD\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMSP \u0026amp; Agricultural Price Policy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWTO \u0026amp; Agricultural Subsidies\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFood Processing Industry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndustrial Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic Sector Enterprises\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisinvestment\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMSME Sector\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndustrial Finance\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndustrial Labour\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eService Sector\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRural Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrban Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLabour Reforms\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoverty\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnemployment\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFood Security\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit IX – Environmental Economics \u0026amp; Demography\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Environmental Economics – Introduction \u0026amp; Importance\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning and Definitions • Objectives • Major Dimensions • Important Concepts • Principles of Environmental Economics • Solutions to Environmental Problems • Importance • Limitations\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Environment as a Public Good\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDefinition of Public Goods • Environment as a Public Good • Problems in Managing Environment as a Public Good • Measures for Conservation • Importance of Environmental Protection\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Environmental Quality \u0026amp; Valuation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning, Components and Importance of Environmental Quality • Meaning of Environmental Goods • Valuation of Environmental Goods\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Market Failure\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning of Market Failure • Major Causes • Solutions • Examples\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Coase Theorem\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplanation • Conditions • Major Ideas • Examples • Benefits • Limitations\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe notes also identify\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRonald Coase\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewith the Coase Theorem and include Environmental Kuznets Curve and demographic transition among important theories.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Cost-Benefit Analysis \u0026amp; Compensation Criteria\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplanation • Stages • Evaluation • Utility • Advantages • Limitations • Compensation Criteria and its applications\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Pricing of Environmental Goods\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning • Need • Methods of Pricing Environmental Goods • Challenges • Importance\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe notes include terminology such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExternalities, Sustainable Development, Gross Environment Product, Hedonic Pricing, Biodiversity, Environmental Tax, Market Failure, Replacement Cost and Cost-Benefit Analysis\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. Demography \u0026amp; Population Concepts\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePopulation Theories • Crude Birth Rate • Crude Death Rate • Population Growth Rate • Sex Ratio • Infant Mortality • Child Mortality • Literacy • Malnutrition • Total Fertility Rate • Population Density • Dependency Ratio • Life Expectancy • Demographic Trends • Working Population • Demographic Dividend\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PDF also covers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNet Reproduction Rate and Life Table\u003c\/strong\u003e, with Life Table used to analyse mortality and life expectancy across age groups.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. Population Policy, Census \u0026amp; Migration\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndia’s Population Policy • National Population Policy 2000 • Population Pyramid • Census in India • Socio-Economic and Caste Census 2011 • Census 2011 • Migration – Types, Causes \u0026amp; Consequences • Policies for Rehabilitation of Climate Migrants\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e🇮🇳 Unit X – Indian Economy\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Indian Economy – Nature \u0026amp; Structure\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCapitalist Economy • Socialist Economy • Mixed Economy • Traditional Characteristics • Emerging Trends • Contemporary Challenges\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. National Income\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning and Concepts • Marshall, Pigou \u0026amp; Fisher • GDP • GNP • NDP • NNP • Gross Value Added • Personal Income • Disposable Income • Per Capita Income • Methods of Measuring National Income\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe notes also discuss changes in the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emethod and base year used for national income measurement\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand concepts such as GDP and GVA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Economic Growth, Development \u0026amp; Human Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEconomic Growth • Economic Development • Intra-Generational \u0026amp; Inter-Generational Equity • Recovery Patterns • Human Development • Human Development Index • Multidimensional Poverty Index • Growth without Development\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Land Reforms\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZamindari System • Ryotwari System • Mahalwari System • Abolition of Intermediaries • Tenancy Reforms • Consolidation of Land Holdings • Constitutional \u0026amp; Legal Measures • Model Agricultural Land Leasing Act 2016 • SVAMITVA Scheme\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Agriculture Sector\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRole of Agriculture in Indian Economy • Characteristics \u0026amp; Problems of Indian Agriculture • Institutional \u0026amp; Technological Reforms • Crop Types • Contract Farming • Green Revolution • Agricultural Finance • Kisan Credit Card • NABARD • Agricultural Price Policy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe agriculture section further covers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, Minimum Support Price, Agricultural Marketing, Agricultural Export Policy, WTO agricultural subsidies and government programmes for agricultural development\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Food Processing Industry\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning \u0026amp; Types of Food Processing • Importance • Opportunities • Challenges • SWOT Analysis • Supply Chain Management • FDI • Mega Food Parks • Food Safety and Standards Act • FSSAI • National Food Processing Mission • PM Kisan Sampada Yojana\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Industrial Development \u0026amp; Industrial Policy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndustrialisation in India • Industrial Development after Independence • Industrial Policies from 1948 to 1991 • DPIIT • Public Sector Enterprises • Maharatna • Navratna • Miniratna • Disinvestment • Industrial Sickness • National Manufacturing Policy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. MSME Sector \u0026amp; Industrial Finance\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClassification of MSMEs • Importance of MSMEs • Credit Access • Market Access • Technology Upgradation • Ease of Doing Business • Cottage Industries • Sources of Industrial Finance • SIDBI • Industrial Finance Institutions • Foreign Capital Inflow\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. Industrial Development Programmes \u0026amp; Labour\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMake in India • Invest India • Startup India • Stand-Up India • Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana • National Capital Goods Policy • National Infrastructure Pipeline • PM Gati Shakti • Industrial Labour • Industrial Disputes • Social Security\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10. Service Sector\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePerformance of Service Sector • Gross Value Added • Trade in Services • FDI • Space Services • Ports and Shipping • Startups • Patents • Tourism-related Policies • GATS • Challenges \u0026amp; Government Initiatives\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11. Rural \u0026amp; Urban Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcept and Major Issues of Rural Development • Challenges • Government Initiatives • Role of NITI Aayog • Urban Development • Objectives • Issues \u0026amp; Challenges\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12. Labour Reforms\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning \u0026amp; Need of Labour Reforms • Labour Codes • Major Legal Provisions • Challenges • Government Initiatives\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13. Poverty\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbsolute Poverty • Relative Poverty • Lorenz Curve • Gini Coefficient • Poverty Estimation Committees • Causes of Poverty • Poverty Reduction Approaches • Universal Basic Income • Government Poverty-Alleviation Programmes\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14. Unemployment\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning • Urban \u0026amp; Rural Unemployment • Open, Structural, Underemployment, Frictional \u0026amp; Cyclical Unemployment • Usual Status • Weekly Status • Daily Status • Causes • Economic \u0026amp; Social Consequences • Employment Programmes\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15. Food Security\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeaning and Importance • Food Security Network • Public Distribution System • One Nation One Ration Card • Antyodaya Anna Yojana • Integrated Child Development Services • National Food Security Act 2013 and related programmes\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNTA UGC NET\/JRF Previous Years’ Questions\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe class notes include\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET previous-year and practice questions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003erelated to Environmental Economics, Demography and the Indian Economy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Environmental Economics section includes questions on topics such as\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eecological footprint, pollution tax, environmental valuation, population growth, market failure and demographic concepts\u003c\/strong\u003e, including questions from the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJune 2024 Re-exam\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Indian Economy portion also contains exam questions on\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efiscal deficit, primary deficit, revenue deficit, twin deficit, agriculture, poverty, economic openness and development indicators\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSuitable For\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA UGC NET Economics • UGC NET\/JRF Economics Paper-II • Arthshastra Hindi Medium • Environmental Economics • Demography • Indian Economy • Economics NET\/JRF Preparation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e","brand":"DRISHTI PUBLICATIONS","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52644921901336,"sku":"DP24187","price":289.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0961\/2686\/1592\/files\/Untitleddesign_e3f34739-eadf-4e56-be2d-1bf03095f08b.jpg?v=1789033383"},{"product_id":"drishti-ias-nta-ugc-net-jrf-samajshastra-paper-ii-class-notes-set-of-5-books-units-1-10-hindi-medium","title":"DRISHTI IAS NTA UGC NET\/JRF Samajshastra Paper-II Class Notes Set of 5 Books, Units 1–10, Hindi Medium","description":"\u003ch1 class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDRISHTI IAS NTA\/UGC NET\/JRF Sociology Paper-II Class Notes – Set of 5 Books | Units 1–10 | Hindi Medium | Samajshastra | Teaching Exams\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComplete Sociology Paper-II Class Notes Set of 5 Books\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eCovers\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnits 1 to 10\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ein a systematic sequence\u003cbr\u003eDesigned for\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA UGC NET\/JRF Sociology Paper-II\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003epreparation\u003cbr\u003eDetailed coverage of Sociological Theory, Research Methods, Social Institutions, Rural-Urban Transformation, Politics, Economy, Environment, Family, Technology and Culture\u003cbr\u003eIncludes major Western and Indian sociological thinkers\u003cbr\u003eHindi Medium class notes prepared in easy-to-understand language\u003cbr\u003eStructured unit-wise coverage for focused study and revision\u003cbr\u003eCovers major concepts related to caste, class, gender, tribe, ethnicity, family and social stratification\u003cbr\u003eIncludes Environment \u0026amp; Society, Development, Globalization and Social Movements\u003cbr\u003eCovers Science, Technology, Digital Society, Media and Cyber Crime\u003cbr\u003eUseful study material for candidates preparing for\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUGC NET Sociology, NTA NET Sociology and JRF Sociology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout the Sociology Paper-II Class Notes Set\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrishti IAS NTA\/UGC-NET\/JRF Sociology Paper-II Class Notes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eare a comprehensive five-book set designed to provide structured coverage of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eall 10 units of Sociology Paper-II\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe books divide the syllabus into manageable two-unit volumes:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBook 1 – Units 1 \u0026amp; 2\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBook 2 – Units 3 \u0026amp; 4\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBook 3 – Units 5 \u0026amp; 6\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBook 4 – Units 7 \u0026amp; 8\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBook 5 – Units 9 \u0026amp; 10\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis structure allows aspirants to study Sociology progressively—from fundamental sociological theories and research methodology to institutions, political processes, economic structures, environment, family, technology and cultural transformation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe source syllabus pages organize the course into\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociological Theory; Research Methodology and Methods; Basic Concepts and Institutions; Rural and Urban Transformations; State, Politics and Development; Economy and Society; Environment and Society; Family, Marriage and Kinship; Science, Technology and Society; and Culture and Symbolic Transformations.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBOOK 1 – UNIT 1 \u0026amp; UNIT 2\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 1: Sociological Theory\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis unit introduces aspirants to classical, structural, interpretative, contemporary and Indian sociological traditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClassical Sociological Traditions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEmile Durkheim\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMax Weber\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKarl Marx\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStructural Functionalism \u0026amp; Structuralism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBronislaw Malinowski\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA.R. Radcliffe-Brown\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTalcott Parsons\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRobert K. Merton\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClaude Levi-Strauss\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterpretative Traditions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG.H. Mead\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKarl Mannheim\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlfred Schutz\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarold Garfinkel\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eErving Goffman\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClifford Geertz\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePostmodernism, Post-Structuralism \u0026amp; Post-Colonialism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEdward Said\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePierre Bourdieu\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMichel Foucault\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJurgen Habermas\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnthony Giddens\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManuel Castells\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndian Thinkers\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM.K. Gandhi\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eB.R. Ambedkar\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRadhakamal Mukerjee\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG.S. Ghurye\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM.N. Srinivas\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIrawati Karve\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section provides a broad base for understanding the major thinkers and intellectual traditions that form the foundation of sociological analysis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 2: Research Methodology \u0026amp; Methods\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCovers important concepts and techniques used in sociological research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConcept of Social Reality\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhilosophy of Science\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eScientific Method in Social Sciences\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEpistemology\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInterpretative Traditions\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eObjectivity and Reflexivity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEthics and Politics of Research\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSocial Science Research\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eResearch Design\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eData and Document Reading\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInduction and Deduction\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFacts, Concepts and Theory\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHypothesis\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eResearch Questions and Objectives\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuantitative Methods\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQualitative Methods\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEthnography\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSurvey Method\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHistorical Method\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eComparative Method\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSampling\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuestionnaire and Schedule\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eObservation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInterview\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCase Study\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInterpretation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eData Analysis\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReport Writing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis unit helps learners understand how sociological knowledge is produced, analysed and presented through systematic research methods.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBOOK 2 – UNIT 3 \u0026amp; UNIT 4\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 3: Basic Concepts \u0026amp; Institutions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntroduces fundamental concepts necessary for understanding society and social organization.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociological Concepts\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSocial Structure\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCulture\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNetworks\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStatus and Role\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIdentity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCommunity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eValues, Norms and Rules\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePersonhood\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHabitus\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgency\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBureaucracy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePower\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAuthority\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Institutions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarriage\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFamily\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKinship\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEconomy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eState\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReligion\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEducation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLaw\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCustoms\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Stratification\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSocial Difference\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHierarchy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInequality\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarginalization\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCaste\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClass\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGender\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSexuality\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDisability\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRace\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTribe\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEthnicity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Change \u0026amp; Processes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEvolution and Diffusion\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eModernization\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDevelopment\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSocial Transformation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGlobalization\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSocial Mobility\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe unit builds conceptual clarity about social structures, institutions, inequality and processes of social change.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 4: Rural \u0026amp; Urban Transformations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRural and Agrarian Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCaste and Tribal Settlements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgrarian Social Structure\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEmerging Class Relations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLand Ownership\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgrarian Relations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgrarian Economy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMigration\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgrarian Distress\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeasant Movements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChanging Inter-community Relations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eViolence\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrban Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUrbanism\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUrbanity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUrbanization\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTowns, Cities and Metropolises\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIndustry, Service and Occupation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeighbourhoods\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSlums\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEthnic Enclaves\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMiddle Class\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGated Communities\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUrban Movements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUrban Violence\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section examines how economic, demographic and institutional changes transform rural and urban social structures.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBOOK 3 – UNIT 5 \u0026amp; UNIT 6\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 5: State, Politics \u0026amp; Development\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFocuses on the sociological dimensions of politics, governance, development and collective action.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolitical Processes in India\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNation and Nation-State\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBorders\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBureaucracy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGovernance\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDevelopment\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePublic Policy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHealth\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEducation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLivelihood\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePolitical Culture\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrassroots Democracy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLaw and Society\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGender and Development\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCorruption\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInternational Development Organizations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial Movements \u0026amp; Resistance\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePolitical Groups\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePressure Groups\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCaste-based Movements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEthnic Movements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIdeological Movements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGender-based Movements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDisability Movements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReligious and Regional Movements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCivil Society\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCitizenship\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNGOs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eActivism\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeadership\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReservation and Politics\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe unit enables learners to examine the relationship between society, political institutions, development policies and social movements.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 6: Economy \u0026amp; Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExamines the relationship between economic processes and social organization.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExchange\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGift\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCapital\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLabour\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarket\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDebates on Modes of Production\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProperty and Property Relations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eState and Market\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWelfare\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeo-Liberalism\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eModels of Economic Development\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePoverty\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExclusion\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFactory and Industrial Systems\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChanging Nature of Labour Relations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGender and Labour\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBusiness and Family\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDigital Economy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eE-Commerce\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGlobal Business\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCorporates\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTourism\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConsumption\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe unit connects classical economic processes with contemporary issues such as globalization, digital economy, corporate structures and changing labour relations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBOOK 4 – UNIT 7 \u0026amp; UNIT 8\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 7: Environment \u0026amp; Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvides sociological perspectives on ecology, environmental change, development and human communities.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSocial and Cultural Ecology\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTechnological Change\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgriculture and Biodiversity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIndigenous Knowledge Systems\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIndigenous Medicine\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGender and Environment\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eForest Policies\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTribal Communities\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExclusion\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEcological Degradation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMigration\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDevelopment and Displacement\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRehabilitation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWater and Social Exclusion\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDisaster and Community Responses\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnvironmental Pollution\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePublic Health\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDisability\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClimate Change\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInternational Policies\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnvironmental Movements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis unit helps candidates understand environmental questions through social, cultural, political and developmental perspectives.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 8: Family, Marriage \u0026amp; Kinship\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExamines family and kinship as key social institutions and explores their changing contemporary forms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMajor themes include:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTheoretical Approaches to Family and Kinship\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarriage\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFamily\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKinship Structures\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGender Relations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePower Dynamics\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInheritance\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuccession\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAuthority\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGender and Sexuality\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReproduction\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChildren, Youth and Adults\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEmotions and Family\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEmerging Forms of Family\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChanging Patterns of Marriage\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChanging Systems of Care\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFamily Laws\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDomestic Violence\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCrimes against Women\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHonour Killing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe unit connects classical studies of kinship with contemporary transformations in family, gender, marriage and care arrangements.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBOOK 5 – UNIT 9 \u0026amp; UNIT 10\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 9: Science, Technology \u0026amp; Society\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCovers the growing impact of technological change on social institutions, everyday life and politics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHistory of Technological Development\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChanging Concepts of Time and Space\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlows and Boundaries\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVirtual Communities\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrint Media\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElectronic Media\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVisual Media\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSocial Media\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eE-Governance\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSurveillance Society\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTechnology and Emerging Political Processes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eState Policy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDigital Divide\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDigital Inclusion\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTechnology and Changing Family Relations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTechnology and Changing Health Systems\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFood and Technology\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCyber Crime\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis unit is particularly relevant for understanding how digital technologies are reshaping communication, governance, communities and social relations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 10: Culture \u0026amp; Symbolic Transformations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCovers major sociological dimensions of culture, religion, symbols, morality and identity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSigns and Symbols\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReligious Rituals\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeliefs and Practices\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChanging Material Culture\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoral Economy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFormal and Informal Education\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReligious Organizations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReligiosity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpirituality\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCommodification of Religious Practices\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCommunalism\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSecularism\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCultural Identity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMobilization\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCulture and Politics\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGender, Body and Culture\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArt and Aesthetics\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEthics and Morality\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSports and Culture\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePilgrimage and Religious Tourism\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReligion and Economy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCulture and Environment\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNew Religious Movements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis concluding unit brings together culture, religion, politics, identity and symbolic processes to help aspirants understand how cultural meanings are created and transformed in society.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKEY FEATURES OF THIS SOCIOLOGY CLASS NOTES SET\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSet of 5 Books covering all Units 1–10\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSpecifically designed for\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTA\/UGC-NET\/JRF Sociology Paper-II\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHindi Medium \/ Samajshastra Class Notes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eEasy-to-follow, unit-wise organization\u003cbr\u003eMajor classical and contemporary sociological thinkers covered\u003cbr\u003eIndian sociological thinkers included\u003cbr\u003eResearch Methodology and Research Methods covered\u003cbr\u003eSocial Concepts, Institutions and Stratification explained\u003cbr\u003eRural and Urban Sociology included\u003cbr\u003ePolitics, Governance, Development and Social Movements covered\u003cbr\u003eEconomy, Labour and Market Relations included\u003cbr\u003eEnvironment, Climate Change and Society covered\u003cbr\u003eFamily, Marriage, Kinship and Gender covered\u003cbr\u003eScience, Technology, Media and Digital Society included\u003cbr\u003eCulture, Religion, Identity and Symbolic Transformation covered\u003cbr\u003eSuitable for systematic study, revision and concept building\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWHO CAN USE THESE NOTES?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese Sociology Class Notes are designed primarily for candidates preparing for:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNTA UGC NET Sociology\u003cbr\u003eUGC NET Sociology Paper-II\u003cbr\u003eJRF Sociology\u003cbr\u003eSociology Teaching Exams\u003cbr\u003eSociology subject-based competitive examinations\u003cbr\u003eCandidates seeking Hindi Medium Sociology study material\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe five-volume structure makes it convenient to study the entire subject unit-by-unit rather than working from scattered material.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOMPLETE UNIT-WISE COVERAGE AT A GLANCE\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 1:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSociological Theory\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 2:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eResearch Methodology \u0026amp; Methods\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 3:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBasic Concepts \u0026amp; Institutions\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 4:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eRural \u0026amp; Urban Transformations\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 5:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eState, Politics \u0026amp; Development\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 6:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEconomy \u0026amp; Society\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 7:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEnvironment \u0026amp; Society\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 8:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eFamily, Marriage \u0026amp; Kinship\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 9:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eScience, Technology \u0026amp; Society\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit 10:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eCulture \u0026amp; Symbolic Transformations\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith the entire Paper-II content organized across five dedicated books, the set provides aspirants with a structured pathway from foundational theories and research methods to contemporary sociological issues such as globalization, environment, digital technology, family transformation and cultural change.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"DRISHTI PUBLICATIONS","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52678587908376,"sku":"CNO11","price":2250.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0961\/2686\/1592\/files\/Untitleddesign_3_e3e4ef89-fead-40d2-969f-6a77ba4e6241.jpg?v=1789382797"}],"url":"https:\/\/shop.drishtipublications.com\/collections\/ugc-class-notes-hindi.oembed","provider":"Drishti Publications","version":"1.0","type":"link"}